India at a Glance
Full name: Republic of India
Official name: India (also known as ‘Bharat’ and ‘Hindosthan’)
Area: 3,287,590 sq km
Population: 1.04 billion
Capital: New Delhi
People: 72% Indo-Aryan, 25% Dravidian, 3% other
Language: Hindi, Urdu, Tamil, Bengali, Kashmiri, English
Religion: 80% Hindu, 14% Muslim, 2.4% sChristian, 2% Sikh, 0.7% Buddhist, 0.5% Jains, 0.4% other
Government
Government Type: federal republic Head of State: President
Head of Government: Prime Minister.
Independence: August 15, 1947.
Constitution: January 26, 1950.
Branches: Executive–president (chief of state), prime minister (head of government), Council of Ministers (cabinet). Legislative–bicameral parliament (Rajya Sabha or Council of States, and Lok Sabha or House of the People). Judicial–Supreme Court. Political parties: Congress (I), Bharatiya Janata Party, Janata Dal (United), Communist Party of India, Communist Party of India-Marxist, and numerous regional and small national parties
The Indus Valley civilization, one of the oldest in the world, dates back at least 5,000 years B.C., but India’s known history goes back to 3,200 BC when Hinduism was first founded.. read brief history
Geography
India is a land of sky-touching mountains and mighty rivers. Extensive are its plains and no less wide are its plateaus. A vast land with such varied relief is inhabited by more than 1000 million people. The country consists of three main physical divisions. They are the Great Mountains of the North, the Great Plains of Northern India and the Great Plateau of Peninsular India. The southern plateau is flanked by the narrow coastal strips which are a part and parcel of the peninsular land mass.
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“Jana-Gana-Mana”
(Thou Art the Ruler of All Minds).
The Indian National anthem, composed originally in Bengali by Rabindranath Tagore, was adopted in its Hindi version by the Constituent Assembly as the National Anthem of India on 24 January 1950. It was first sung 27 December 1911 at the Calcutta session of the Indian National Congress. The complete song consists of five stanzas.
” Jana Gana Mana Adhinayaka Jaya He
Bharat Bhagya Vidhata
Punjab Sindh Gujarat Maratha
Dravida Utkala Banga
Vindhya Himachal Yamuna Ganga
Ucchala Jaladhi Taranga
Tubh Shubha Name Jage
Tubh Shubha Ashisha Mange
Gahe Tubh Jaya Gata
Jan Gan Mangaldayak Jay He
Bharat Bhagya Vidhata
Jaye He ! Jaye He ! Jaye He !
Jaye,Jaye,Jaye,Jaye He ”
Translation In English
(The lyrics were translated into English by Tagore himself)
” Thou art the ruler of the minds of all people
Thou dispenser of India’s destiny
Thy name rouses the hearts of the Punjab,
Sind, Gujarat and Maratha, Dravida, Orissa and Bengal
It echoes in the hills of the Vindhyas and Himalayas
mingles in the music of the Yamuna and Ganges
and is chanted by the waves of the Indian Sea
They pray for thy blessings and sing thy praise
The saving of all people waits in thy hand,
Thou dispenser of India’s destiny,
Victory, Victory, Victory to Thee.”
The Jana Gana Mana was composed by Shri Rabindranath Tagore and first sung at the Calcutta session of the Indian National Congress on December 27th, 1911. It was adopted as the National Anthem of India on 24th January, 1950 by the Constituent Assembly. The first stanza( out of five stanzas) of the song forms the National Anthem.
Indian National Flag
The National flag is a horizontal tricolour of deep saffron (kesari) at the top, white in the middle and dark green at the bottom in equal proportion.The ratio of width of the flag to its length is two to three. In the centre of the white band is a navy blue wheel which represents the chakra.
Its design is that of the wheel which appears on the abacus of the Sarnath Lion Capital of Ashoka.
Its diameter approximates to the width of the white band and it has 24 spokes.
The design of the national flag was adopted by the Constituent Assembly of India on 22 July 1947. Its use and display are regulated by the Indian Flag Code.
The cloth for the manufacture of the flag can be handspun and handwoven khadhi, cotton, woolen or silk. The flag shall be a tricolour panel made up of three rectangular panels or sub – panels of equal widths.
Indian National Emblem
The State emblem is an adaptation from the Sarnath Lion Capital of Ashoka. In the original, there are four lions, standing back to back, mounted on an abacus with a frieze carrying sculptures in high relief of an elephant, a galloping horse, a bull and a lion separated by intervening wheels over a bell-shaped lotus. Carved out of a single block of polished sandstone, the capital is crowned by the Wheel of the Law (Dharma Chakra).
In the State emblem, adopted by the Government of India on 26 January 1950,January 1950,only three lions are visible, the fourth being hidden from view. The wheel appears in relief in the center of the abacus with a bull on right and a horse on left and the outlines of other wheels on extreme right and left. The bell-shaped lotus has been omitted. The words Satyameva Jayate from Mundaka Upanishad, meaning ‘Truth Alone Triumphs’, are inscribed below the abacus in Devanagari script.
The motto ‘Satyameva Jayate’ inscribed below the emblem in Devanagari script means ‘truth alone triumphs’.
Indian National Song
The Indian National Song Vande Mataram, composed by Bankimchandra Chatterji, was a source of inspiration to the people in their struggles for freedom. It has a similar status with jana-gana-mana. The first political session when it was sung was the 1896 session of the Indian National congress.
Ke bale ma tumi abale
Bahubala dharineem
Namami tarineem
Ripudala varineem
Mataram!
Tumi vidya tumi dharma
Tumi hridi tumi marma
Twam hi pranah shareere
Bahute tumi ma shakti
Hridaye tumi ma bhakti
Tomarayi pratima gadi
Mandire mandire!
Twam hi Durga dashapraharana dharinee
Kamala kamaladala viharinee
Vani vidyadayinee
Namami twam
Namami kamalam
Amalam atulam
Sujalam suphalam
Mataram
Vande Mataram!
Shyamalam saralam
Susmitam bhushitam
Dharaneem bharaneem
Mataram!
The following is the English translation of the stanza rendered by Sri Aurobindo in prose.
I bow to thee, mother,
richly-watered, richly-fruited,
cool with the winds of the south, dark with the
crops of the harvests, the Mother!
Her nights rejoicing in the glory of the
moonlight, her lands clothed beautifully with her trees in flowering bloom, sweet of laughter, sweet of speech, the Mother, giver of boons, giver of bliss.
Indian National Animal (Panthera Tigris)
Panthera tigris is a striped animal. It has a thick yellow coat of fur with dark stripes. The combination of grace, strength, agility and enormous power has earned the tiger its pride of place as the national animal of India. Out of eight races of the species known, The Indian race, the Royal Bengal Tiger, is found throughout the country except in the north-western region
And also in the neighbouring countries, Nepal, Bhutan and Bangladesh. To check the dwindling population of tigers in India ‘Project Tiger’ was launched in April 1973. So far, 25 tiger reserves have been established in the country under this project, covering an area
of 33,875 sq km.
Indian National Bird
The Indian peacock, Pavo cristatus (Linnaeus), the national bird of India, is a colourful, swan-sized bird, with a fan-shaped crest of feathers, a white patch under the eye and a long, slender neck. The male of the species is more colourful than the female, with a glistening blue breast and neck and a spectacular bronze-green train of around 200 elongated feathers.
The female is brownish, slightly smaller than the male, and lacks the train. The elaborate courtship dance of the male, fanning out the tail and preening its feathers,is a gorgeous sight.
Indian National Flower (Lotus)
Lotus (Nelumbo nucifera) is the National Flower of India. It is a sacred flower and occupies a unique position in the art and mythology of ancient India and has been an auspicious symbol of Indian culture since time immemorial.
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Indian National Languages
There are around 18 languages recognized by the Indian Constitution. These languages are
Bengali,Gujarati,Hindi,Kannada,Kashmiri,Konkani,Malayalam,Manipuri,Marathi, Nepali,Oriya,Punjabi, Sanskrit,Sindhi,Tamil,Telugu,Urdu
Hindi is the official and main link language of India. Its homeland is mainly in the north of India, but it is spoken and widely understood in all urban centers of India. It is written in the Devanagri script, which is phonetic and, unlike English, is pronounced as it is written.